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1 plantation slavery
амер. плантационное рабствоБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > plantation slavery
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2 plantation slavery
плантационное рабствоАнгло-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь > plantation slavery
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3 plantation slavery
истЭкономический уклад, при котором плантационное сельское хозяйство, требовавшее большого объема ручного труда, велось при помощи бесплатного труда рабов. Наибольшее распространение получил на Юге страны в первой половине XIX в. Первые рабы появились на плантациях в 1680; вскоре их число стало равным числу белых законтрактованных рабочих [ indentured servant]. В период расцвета рабства негры-рабы использовались главным образом для обработки плантаций табака, хлопка и сахарного тростника, а позднее кукурузы и пшеницы. При капиталистической в целом системе хозяйства в стране рабство являлось своеобразным придатком существовавшей экономической системыEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > plantation slavery
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4 plantation slavery
амер.; ист. -
5 plantation slavery
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6 slavery
ˈsleɪvərɪ сущ.
1) неволя, рабство to establish, introduce slavery ≈ устанавливать, вводить рабство to abolish slavery ≈ отменять рабство plantation slavery ≈ плантационное рабство white slavery
2) тяжелый подневольный труд рабство, положение раба - to be sold in(to) * быть проданным в рабство рабовладение тяжелый подневольный труд рабское подчинение привычке, желанию угодничество, раболепие slavery рабство ~ тяжелый подневольный труд white ~ торговля белыми рабынями -
7 slavery
['sleɪv(ə)rɪ]сущ.1) тяжёлый трудSyn:2) неволя, рабство; рабская зависимостьto establish / introduce slavery — устанавливать, вводить рабство
plantation slavery — амер.; ист. плантационное рабство
Syn:3) рабовладение -
8 slavery
['sleɪv(ə)rɪ]nрабство, положение раба, неволя, рабская зависимость- live in slavery
- establish slavery
- abolish slavery -
9 slavery
сущ.1) общ. неволя, рабство; рабская зависимостьto establish [to introduce\] slavery — устанавливать [вводить\] рабство
2) общ. тяжелый труд -
10 Alabama
IШтат в группе штатов Юго-Восточного Центра [ East South Central States]. Площадь 133,9 тыс. кв. км. Население 4,4 млн. человек (2000). Столица Монтгомери [ Montgomery]. Крупнейшие города - Бирмингем [ Birmingham], Мобил [ Mobile], Хантсвилл [ Huntsville]. Граничит на востоке с Джорджией [ Georgia], на севере с Теннесси [ Tennessee], на юге с Флоридой [ Florida], выходит на Мексиканский залив [ Mexico, Gulf of]. Имеет статус штата с 1819 (22-й по счету штат). Большая часть территории расположена на Примексиканской низменности [Gulf Coastal Plain], на севере переходящей в холмистую равнину и отроги Аппалачских гор [ Appalachian Mountains]. Субтропический умеренно влажный климат. Важнейшие виды полезных ископаемых - уголь, нефть, природный газ. Исторически территорию штата населяли чокто [ Choctaw], крики [ Creek] и другие племена из числа "пяти цивилизованных племен" [ Five Civilized Tribes]. Испанец Э. Де Сото [ De Soto, Hernando] обследовал эти земли в 1540, а французы во главе с де Бьенвиллем [de Bienville, Siuer] основали первое постоянное европейское поселение в районе современного г. Мобила в 1702. Франция уступила регион Великобритании в 1763, а та, в свою очередь, вынуждена была передать его США в 1813, но Испания удерживала Мобил вплоть до 1813. Поражение криков в битве у излучины Хорсшу-Бенд [ Horseshoe Bend, Battle of] привело к притоку белых поселенцев, сделавших плантационное рабство [ plantation slavery] основой экономики. Монтгомери был первой столицей Конфедерации [ Confederate States of America]. Штат серьезно пострадал за время Гражданской войны [ Civil War] и Реконструкции [ Reconstruction]. Развитие промышленности началось к концу XIX в., но монокультура (хлопок) привела к широкомасштабной депрессии в сельском хозяйстве, усиленной в 1915 нашествием хлопковых долгоносиков [ boll weevil]. Изменения в экономике в 30-е гг. привели к развитию энергетики [ Tennessee Valley Authority] и черной металлургии. В 1950-1960-е гг., несмотря на серьезные расовые проблемы, штат полностью перешел на путь индустриализации. Этнический состав населения штата: около 74 процентов - англоговорящие белые, около 25 процентов - негры и один процент индейцы [Amerindians], испаноязычное население [ Hispanics], выходцы из стран Азии. Основная часть населения живет в городах. Большинство населения - протестанты. Более 20 лет (с 1963) политика штата определялась губернатором-южным демократом Дж. Уоллесом [ Wallace, George (Corley)]; республиканцы стали отвоевывать позиции с конца 60-х гг.II 1.1) алабама (алибаму, алабаму)Индейское племя в Алабаме, входит в крикскую конфедерацию [ Creek Confederacy]; большинство смешалось с семинолами [ Seminole], часть переселилась за Миссисипи; ныне осталось несколько сотен человек в резервации Алабама-Кушатта [ Alabama-Coushatta Reservation], шт. Техас2.Мускогской подгруппы [ Muskogean].III"Alabama""Алабама"Гимн [ state song] штата Алабама (стал официальным в 1931) -
11 planters
истВладельцы крупных землевладельческих хозяйств в южных штатах, которые специализировались на выращивании сельскохозяйственной монокультуры - хлопка или табака. Широко использовали труд рабов [plantation slavery] вплоть до Гражданской войны [ Civil War] -
12 Angola
(and Enclave of Cabinda)From 1575 to 1975, Angola was a colony of Portugal. Located in west-central Africa, this colony has been one of the largest, most strategically located, and richest in mineral and agricultural resources in the continent. At first, Portugal's colonial impact was largely coastal, but after 1700 it became more active in the interior. By international treaties signed between 1885 and 1906, Angola's frontiers with what are now Zaire and Zambia were established. The colony's area was 1,246,700 square kilometers (481,000 square miles), Portugal's largest colonial territory after the independence of Brazil. In Portugal's third empire, Angola was the colony with the greatest potential.The Atlantic slave trade had a massive impact on the history, society, economy, and demography of Angola. For centuries, Angola's population played a subordinate role in the economy of Portugal's Brazil-centered empire. Angola's population losses to the slave trade were among the highest in Africa, and its economy became, to a large extent, hostage to the Brazilian plantation-based economic system. Even after Brazil's independence in 1822, Brazilian economic interests and capitalists were influential in Angola; it was only after Brazil banned the slave trade in 1850 that the heavy slave traffic to former Portuguese America began to wind down. Although slavery in Angola was abolished, in theory, in the 1870s, it continued in various forms, and it was not until the early 1960s that its offspring, forced labor, was finally ended.Portugal's economic exploitation of Angola went through different stages. During the era of the Atlantic slave trade (ca. 1575-1850), when many of Angola's slaves were shipped to Brazil, Angola's economy was subordinated to Brazil's and to Portugal's. Ambitious Lisbon-inspired projects followed when Portugal attempted to replace the illegal slave trade, long the principal income source for the government of Angola, with legitimate trade, mining, and agriculture. The main exports were dyes, copper, rubber, coffee, cotton, and sisal. In the 1940s and 1950s, petroleum emerged as an export with real potential. Due to the demand of the World War II belligerents for Angola's raw materials, the economy experienced an impetus, and soon other articles such as diamonds, iron ore, and manganese found new customers. Angola's economy, on an unprecedented scale, showed significant development, which was encouraged by Lisbon. Portugal's colonization schemes, sending white settlers to farm in Angola, began in earnest after 1945, although such plans had been nearly a century in the making. Angola's white population grew from about 40,000 in 1940 to nearly 330,000 settlers in 1974, when the military coup occurred in Portugal.In the early months of 1961, a war of African insurgency broke out in northern Angola. Portugal dispatched armed forces to suppress resistance, and the African insurgents were confined to areas on the borders of northern and eastern Angola at least until the 1966-67 period. The 13-year colonial war had a telling impact on both Angola and Portugal. When the Armed Forces Movement overthrew the Estado Novo on 25 April 1974, the war in Angola had reached a stalemate and the major African nationalist parties (MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA) had made only modest inroads in the northern fringes and in central and eastern Angola, while there was no armed activity in the main cities and towns.After a truce was called between Portugal and the three African parties, negotiations began to organize the decolonizat ion process. Despite difficult maneuvering among the parties, Portugal, the MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA signed the Alvor Agreement of January 1975, whereby Portugal would oversee a transition government, create an all-Angola army, and supervise national elections to be held in November 1975. With the outbreak of a bloody civil war among the three African parties and their armies, the Alvor Agreement could not be put into effect. Fighting raged between March and November 1975. Unable to prevent the civil war or to insist that free elections be held, Portugal's officials and armed forces withdrew on 11 November 1975. Rather than handing over power to one party, they transmitted sovereignty to the people of Angola. Angola's civil war continued into the 21st century.
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